This article is about Steve Rogers. For the subsequent versions of the character, see. Captain America is a appearing in published by. Created by and , the character in 1 March 1941 from , a predecessor of Marvel Comics. Captain America was designed as a who often fought the of and was Timely Comics' most popular character during the wartime period. The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the Captain America comic book was discontinued in 1950, with a short-lived revival in 1953. Since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964, Captain America has remained in publication. Captain America is the of Steve Rogers, a frail young man enhanced to the peak of human perfection by an experimental serum to aid the government's efforts in World War II. Near the end of the war, he was trapped in ice and survived in until he was revived in the present day. Although Captain America often struggles to maintain his ideals as a man out of his time with its modern realities, he remains a highly respected figure in his community which includes becoming the long-time leader of the. Captain America was the first Marvel Comics character to appear in media outside comics with the release of the 1944 ,. Since then, the character has been featured in. In the MCU , the character is portrayed by in , , , , , , , 2018 and the fourth. Further information: Creation In 1940, writer conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume. There weren't a lot of captains in comics. It was as easy as that. The boy companion was simply named Bucky, after my friend Bucky Pierson, a star on our high school basketball team. Simon recalled in his autobiography that publisher gave him the go-ahead and directed that a Captain America solo comic book series be published as soon as possible. Needing to fill a full comic with primarily one character's stories, Simon did not believe that his regular creative partner, artist , could handle the workload alone: I didn't have a lot of objections to putting a crew on the first issue... There were two young artists from that had made a strong impression on me. If they worked on it, and if one inker tied the three styles together, I believed the final product would emerge as quite uniform. The two Als were eager to join in on the new Captain America book, but Jack Kirby was visibly upset. There might have been two Als, but there was only one Jack Kirby... I wrote the first Captain America book with penciled lettering right on the drawing boards, with very rough sketches for figures and backgrounds. Kirby did his thing, building the muscular anatomy, adding ideas and pepping up the action as only he could. Then he tightened up the penciled drawings, adding detailed backgrounds, faces and figures. Al Liederman would ink that first issue, which was lettered by Simon and Kirby's regular letterer, Howard Ferguson. We wanted to have our say too. While most readers responded favorably to the comic, some took objection. Some people really opposed what Cap stood for. This popularity drew the attention and a complaint from MLJ that the character's triangular shield too closely resembled the chest symbol of their Shield character. In response, Goodman had Simon and Kirby create a distinctive round shield for issue 2, which went on to become an iconic element of the character. With his sidekick , Captain America faced , , and other threats to wartime America and the. Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even the circulation of news magazines such as during the period. After the Simon and Kirby team moved to in late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue 10 January 1942 , and became regular of the celebrated title, with one generally over the other. The character was featured in 1—19 Summer 1941 — Fall 1946 , 80—84 and 86—92, 6—17 Dec. In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely's first superhero team, the , in its two published adventures, in 19 and 21 Fall—Winter 1946; there was no issue 20. After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend, Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine. Atlas' attempted superhero revival was a commercial failure, and the character's title was canceled with Captain America 78 Sept. Silver and Bronze Age Avengers 4 March 1964. Cover art by and. The 18-page story ends with this Captain America revealed as an impostor: it was actually the villain the Acrobat, a former circus performer the Torch had defeated in Strange Tales 106, who broke two thieves out of jail, hoping to draw the police away while trying to rob the local bank. Afterward, Storm digs out an old comic book in which Captain America is shown to be Steve Rogers. A caption in the final panel says this story was a test to see if readers would like Captain America to return. According to Lee, fan response to the tryout was very enthusiastic. Captain America was then formally reintroduced in 4 March 1964 , which explained that in the final days of World War II, he had fallen from an experimental into the and spent decades frozen in a block of ice in a state of. The hero found a new generation of readers as leader of that superhero team. Issue 63 March 1965 , which retold Captain America's origin, through issue 71 Nov. Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became with 100 April 1968 ; and , each filled in once. Several stories were finished by penciller-inker over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. This series — considered Captain America volume one by comics researchers and historians, following the 1940s Captain America Comics and its 1950s numbering continuation of Tales of Suspense — ended with 454 Aug. This series was almost immediately followed by the 13-issue Captain America vol. Beginning with the 600th overall issue Aug. The storyline of Rogers' return began in issue 600. Rogers, who was not dead but caroming through time, returned to the present day in the six-issue miniseries Sept. After Rogers' return, Barnes, at Rogers' insistence, continued as Captain America, beginning in the comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield? While Bucky Barnes continued adventuring in the pages of Captain America, Steve Rogers received his own miniseries Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier as well as taking on the leadership position in a new Secret Avengers ongoing series. Spinoff series included Captain America Sentinel of Liberty Sept. The 2007 Captain America: The Chosen, written by and penciled by Mitchell Breitweiser, depicts a dying Steve Rogers' final minutes, at headquarters, as his spirit guides James Newman, a young American Marine fighting in. The Chosen is not part of the main Marvel Universe continuity. In his column on , Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief apologized for the sign, claiming that it was mistake added by the letterer at the last minute. The character, first as agent Steve Rogers and later after resuming his identity as Captain America, appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010—2013 Avengers series, from issue 1 July 2010 through its final issue 34 January 2013. The character appeared as agent Steve Rogers as a regular character in the 2010—2013 Secret Avengers series, from issue 1 July 2010 through issue 21 March 2012 ; the character made guest appearances as Captain America in issues 21. Marvel stated in May 2011 that Rogers, following the public death of Bucky Barnes in the miniseries, would resume his Captain America identity in a sixth volume of Captain America, by writer and artist. The Captain America title continued from issue 620 featuring team up stories with Bucky 620- 628 , Hawkeye 629- 632 , Iron Man 633—635 , Namor 635. Captain America is a regular character in 2012 , beginning with issue 1 as part of. On July 16, 2014 Marvel Comics announced that the mantle of Captain America would be passed on by Rogers who in the most recent storyline has been turned into a 90-year-old man to his long-time ally , with the series being relaunched as All-New Captain America. Rogers returns as the original Captain America, with updated costume and shield, reminiscing actor ' portrayal in and the character's. Artwork to a variant cover of Captain America: Steve Rogers 2016 1 by Jesus Saiz. Marvel announced that Rogers will become Captain America once again in the comic series Captain America: Steve Rogers. The two parties settled out of court, with Simon agreeing to a statement that the character had been created under terms of employment by the publisher, and therefore it was owned by them. In 1999, Simon filed to claim the copyright to Captain America under a provision of the which allowed the original creators of works that had been sold to corporations to reclaim them after the original 56-year copyright term but not the longer term enacted by the new legislation had expired. Marvel Entertainment challenged the claim, arguing that the settlement of Simon's 1966 suit made the character ineligible for termination of the copyright transfer. Simon and Marvel settled out of court in 2003, in a deal that paid Simon royalties for merchandising and licensing use of the character. Captain America Comics 1 March 1941. Cover art by inks and pencils and pencils. Steven Rogers was born in the of , , in 1920 to poor immigrants, Sarah and Joseph Rogers. Joseph died when Steve was a child, and Sarah died of pneumonia while Steve was a teen. By early 1940, before America's entry into , Rogers is a tall, scrawny student specializing in illustration and a comic book writer and artist. Disturbed by , Rogers attempts to enlist but is rejected due to his frail body. His resolution attracts the notice of U. The serum is a success and transforms Steve Rogers into a nearly perfect human being with peak strength, agility, stamina, and intelligence. The success of the program leaves Erskine wondering about replicating the experiment on other human beings. The process itself has been inconsistently detailed: While in the original material Rogers is shown receiving injections of the Super-Serum, when the origin was retold in the 1960s, the had already put a veto over graphic description of drug intake and abuse, and thus the Super-Serum was retconned into an oral formula. Later accounts hint at a combination of oral and intravenous treatments with a strenuous training regimen, culminating in the Vita-Ray exposure. Erskine refused to write down every crucial element of the treatment, leaving behind a flawed, imperfect knowledge of the steps. Thus, when the Nazi killed him, Erskine's method of creating new Super-Soldiers died. Captain America, in his first act after his transformation, avenges Erskine. In the 1941 origin story and in Tales of Suspense 63, Kruger dies when running into machinery but is not killed by Rogers; in the Captain America 109 and 255 revisions, Rogers causes the spy's death by punching him into machinery. Unable to create new Super-Soldiers and willing to hide the Project Rebirth fiasco, the American government casts Rogers as a patriotic superhero, able to counter the menace of the as a agent. He is supplied with a patriotic uniform of his own design, a bulletproof shield, a personal , and the codename Captain America, while posing as a clumsy private at Camp Lehigh in Virginia. Barnes learns of Rogers' and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's. During their adventures, presents Captain America with , forged from an alloy of and , fused by an unknown catalyst, so effective that it replaces his own firearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name. Captain America battles a number of criminal menaces on American soil, including a wide variety of costumed villains: the Wax Man, the Hangman, the Fang, the Black Talon, and the White Death, among others. In addition to Bucky, Captain America was occasionally assisted by the. Sentinels of Liberty was the title given to members of the Captain America Comics fan club who Captain America sometimes addressed as an aside, or as characters in the Captain America Comics stories. In late April 1945, during the closing days of World War II, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive on it with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. The pair reaches the plane just before take off. When Bucky tries to defuse the bomb, it explodes in mid-air. Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Both are presumed dead, though it is later revealed that neither one died. Late 1940s to 1950s Captain America appeared in comics for the next few years, changing from World War II-era hero fighting the Nazis to confronting the United States' newest enemy,. The revival of the character in the mid-1950s was short-lived, and events during that time period are later to show that multiple people operated using the code name to explain the changes in the character. These post World War II successors are listed as and. He administered to himself and his pupil a flawed, incomplete copy of the Super-Serum, which made no mention about the necessary Vita-Ray portion of the treatment. As a result, while Burnside and Monroe became the new Captain America and Bucky, they became violently paranoid, often raving about innocent people being communist sympathizers during the height of the of the 1950s. Their insanity forced the U. Monroe would later be cured and assume the Nomad identity. After he revives, they piece together that Rogers has been preserved in a block of ice since 1945, surviving because of his enhancements from Project: Rebirth. The block began to melt after the , enraged that an tribe is worshipping the frozen figure, throws it into the ocean. Rogers accepts membership in the Avengers, and his experience in individual combat service and his time with the Invaders makes him a valuable asset. He quickly assumes leadership and has typically returned to that position throughout the team's history. Captain America 180 Dec. Cover art by and. Captain America is plagued by guilt for having been unable to prevent Bucky's death. Although he takes the young who closely resembles Bucky under his tutelage, he refuses for some time to allow Jones to take up the Bucky identity, not wishing to be responsible for another youth's death. Insisting that his hero move on from that loss, Jones convinces Rogers to let him don the Bucky costume, but this partnership lasts only a short time; a disguised , impersonating Rogers with the help of the , drives Jones away. As a result, Rogers regularly undertakes missions for the security agency , for which Fury is public director. Through Fury, Rogers befriends , a S. Rogers later meets and trains Sam Wilson, who becomes the superhero the , the first superhero in mainstream comic books. The characters established an enduring friendship and adventuring partnership, sharing the series title for some time as Captain America and the Falcon. The two later encounter the revived but still insane. Although Rogers and the Falcon defeat the faux Rogers and Jack Monroe, Rogers becomes deeply disturbed that he could have suffered his counterpart's fate. During this period, Rogers temporarily gains super strength. During this time, several men unsuccessfully assume the Captain America identity. Sharon Carter is believed to have been killed while under the mind control of. John Walker as Captain America. Cover art by and. The 1980s included a run by writer and artist. Stern had Rogers consider a run for President of the United States in Captain America 250 June 1980 , an idea originally developed by and. Stern, in his capacity as editor of the title, originally rejected the idea but later changed his mind about the concept. McKenzie and Perlin received credit for the idea on the letters page at Stern's insistence. Stern additionally introduced a new love interest, law student , in Captain America 248 Aug. Writer revealed the true face and full origin of the in Captain America 298—300, and had Captain America take on Jack Monroe, Nomad, as a partner for a time. Around this time, the heroes gathered by the elect Rogers as leader during their stay on Battleworld in the 1984 miniseries. Gruenwald created several new foes, including Crossbones and the Serpent Society. Other Gruenwald characters included , , and. Gruenwald explored numerous political and social themes as well, such as extreme idealism when Captain America fights the anti-nationalist terrorist ; and when he hunts the murderous. Rogers receives a large back-pay reimbursement dating back to his disappearance at the end of World War II, and a orders him to work directly for the U. A replacement Captain America, John Walker, struggles to emulate Rogers' ideals until pressure from hidden enemies helps to drive Walker insane. Rogers returns to the Captain America identity while a recovered Walker becomes the. Sometime afterward, Rogers avoids the explosion of a lab, but the drug triggers a chemical reaction in the Super-Soldier serum in his system. To combat the reaction, Rogers has the serum removed from his body and trains constantly to maintain his physical condition. A later establishes that the serum was not a drug per se, which would have metabolized out of his system, but in fact a virus-like organism that effected a biochemical and genetic change. This additionally explained how nemesis the , who at the time inhabited a body from Rogers' cells, has the formula in his body. Because of his altered biochemistry, Rogers' body begins to deteriorate, and for a time he must wear a powered and is eventually placed again in suspended animation. During this time, he is given a transfusion of blood from the , which cures his condition and stabilizes the Super-Soldier virus in his system. Captain America returns to crime fighting and the Avengers. Following Gruenwald's departure from the series, Mark Waid took over and resurrected Sharon Carter as Cap's love interest. The title was then relaunched under Rob Liefeld as Cap became part of the universe for 13 issues before another relaunch restored Waid to the title in an arc that saw Cap lose his shield for a time using an energy based shield as a temporary replacement. Following Waid's run, Dan Jurgens took over and introduced new foe , a failed recipient of the Super Soldier serum prior to the experiment that successfully created Rogers. Some time after this, Rogers' original shield was retrieved, but subtle damage sustained during the battle with the Beyonder resulted in it being shattered and a 'vibranium cancer' being triggered that would destroy all vibranium in the world, with Rogers nearly being forced to destroy the shield before a confrontation with the villain saw Klaw's attacks unwittingly repair the shield's fractured molecular bonds and negate the cancer. Rogers resumes his on-again, off-again relationship with S. After a mass supervillain break-out of the Raft, Rogers and Tony Stark assemble a to hunt the escapees. Steve Rogers' presumed death. After significant rancor and danger to the public as the two sides clash, Captain America voluntarily surrenders and orders the Anti-Registration forces to stand down, feeling that the fight has reached a point where the principle originally cited by the anti-registration forces has been lost. The miniseries 1—5 June—Aug. Bucky takes on the mantle of Captain America, per Rogers' request. Although Rogers manages to relay a message to the future by giving a time-delayed command to the during the , the Skull returns Rogers to the present, where he takes control of Rogers' mind and body. Rogers eventually regains control, and, with help from his allies, defeats the Skull. In the subsequent comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield? The President of the United States grants Rogers a full for his anti-registration actions. The is repealed and Rogers re-establishes the team the , spearheaded by Iron Man, Thor, and Bucky as Captain America. Following the apparent death of Bucky at the hands of in the form of , Steve Rogers ends up changing into his Captain America uniform. When the Avengers and the New Avengers are fighting Skadi, the Serpent ends up joining the battle and breaks Captain America's shield with his bare hands. Captain America and the Avengers teams end up forming a militia for a last stand against the forces of the Serpent. When it comes to the final battle, Captain America uses Thor's hammer to fight Skadi until Thor manages to kill the Serpent. In the aftermath of the battle, Iron Man presents him with his reforged shield, now stronger for its uru-infused enhancements despite the scar it bears. It is then revealed that Captain America, Nick Fury, and Black Widow are the only ones who know that Bucky actually survived the fight with Skadi as Bucky resumes his identity as Winter Soldier. In the story arc, Captain America attempts to apprehend of the. She is the targeted vessel for the , a destructive cosmic entity. Captain America believes that this Phoenix Force is too dangerous to entrust in one person and seeks to prevent Hope from having it. The result is a series of battles that eventually take both teams to the blue area of the moon. The Phoenix Force eventually possesses the five X-Men present, leaving the Avengers at an extreme disadvantage. The Phoenix Five, who become corrupted by the power of the Phoenix, are eventually defeated and scattered, with Cyclops imprisoned for turning the world into a police state and murdering after being pushed too far, only for him to note that, in the end, he was proven right about the Phoenix's intentions. From there, Captain America proceeds to assemble the , a new team of Avengers composed of both classic Avengers and X-Men. After Cyclops was incarcerated, and Steve accepted the Avengers should have done more to help mutants, and allowed the world to hate them, he started planning a new sub-team of Avengers in the hopes of unifying mutant and humankind alike. He chose to lead his team and become the new face to represent mutants as and once were. With the help of the S-Man Honest John, he managed to even manipulate. After being overpowered by the rest of the Uncanny Avengers, the Red Skull escapes, but promises to return. In the aftermath, both Rogue and the Scarlet Witch joined the team. The ensuing fight between the two old friends led Steve Rogers to force Iron Man to admit that he had lied to him and all of their allies, when he had known about the incursions between alternate Earths all along, but Iron Man also confessed that he wouldn't change a thing. The final incursion started and Earth-1610 started approaching Earth-616 while Iron Man and Steve Rogers kept fighting. As part of the , Steve Rogers became the new Chief of Civilian Oversight for S. He returned to the Uncanny Avengers where the team is now using the Schaefer Theater as their headquarters. Steve Rogers later has an encounter with an alternate. This sight reminds Logan of the need to enjoy being alive rather than brooding over the ghosts of his past. Although he told Steve Rogers what he had experienced in his timeline, Logan declined Steve's offer of help. Alternate timeline Hydra duplicate This article's plot summary may be. Please by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. When Rogers is brought to Pleasant Hill, he confronts Maria Hill about the Kobik project. Their argument is interrupted when Baron Helmut Zemo and Fixer restore the inmates to normal. After Hill is injured, Rogers convinces Zemo to let Hill get medical attention. Rogers is then escorted to Dr. Selvig tells Rogers that Kobik is at the Pleasant Hill Bowling Alley. During an attempt to reason with Kobik, Rogers is attacked by Crossbones. Before Rogers can be killed, Kobik uses her abilities to restore him back to his prime. They resume their search for Kobik, and discover that Baron Zemo had Fixer invent a device that would make Kobik subservient to them. Rogers rallies the heroes so that they can take the fight to Zemo. In the aftermath of the incident, Steve and Sam plan to keep what happened at Pleasant Hill under wraps for the time being. In Captain America: Steve Rogers 1 July 2016 , the final panel apparently revealed that Rogers has been a double-agent since his early youth. This is subsequently revealed to be the result of Kobik's restoration of Rogers' youth, as she had been taught by the Red Skull that Hydra was good for the world, and having the mind of a four-year-old child, Kobik changed reality so that Rogers would be the greatest man he could be: believing Hydra to be good, Kobik permanently altered his memories so that Rogers believed that he had always been a member of Hydra. Some of Rogers' original heroic attributes remain intact, such as covering the death of another Hydra member within S. Additionally, it is revealed that Rogers' abusive father, Joseph, was actually killed by Hydra, and that Hydra deceived him into thinking Joseph died of a heart attack. It is also revealed that Rogers witnessed his mother, Sarah, being killed by Sinclair's Hydra goons and kidnapped him, which is the reason why Steve held a grudge towards Hydra's evilness and plans to kill the Red Skull's clone and restore Hydra's lost honor. As part of his long-term plans, Steve further compromised Sam Wilson's current image as 'the' Captain America by using his greater familiarity with the shield to deliberately put Wilson in a position where he would be unable to use the shield to save a senator from , with the final goal of demoralizing Sam to the point where he will return the shield to Rogers of his own free will, not wanting to kill Wilson and risk creating a martyr. Despite this revelation, Rogers presents himself as the voice of reason by allowing Spider-Man to flee with Thor. This inspires doubt in Tony Stark for his current stance by suggesting that he is just acting against Danvers because he does not like being top dog. He then goes to , the location seen in Ulysses' vision, to talk to Spider-Man, who was trying to understand the vision like he was. When Captain Marvel attempts to arrest Spider-Man, Tony, wearing the War Machine armor, confronts her and the two begin to fight. Later, Rogers goes to Sokovia and joins forces with Black Widow to liberate freedom fighters from a prison so they can reclaim their country. After that, he goes to his base where Doctor Selvig expresses concern of his plan to kill the Red Skull. He then reveals that he has Baron Zemo in a cell, planning to recruit him. He eventually kills the Skull after the villain is captured by the Unity Squad and the Xavier brain fragment extracted by the Beast, Rogers throwing the Skull out of a window over a cliff after Sin and Crossbones affirm their new allegiance to Rogers. D, uses a subsequent alien invasion and a mass supervillain assault in order to neutralize the superheroes that might oppose him, and seeks the Cosmic Cube to bring about a reality in which Hydra won World War II. When Rick smuggles information about the Cube's rewriting of Rogers' reality to the remaining free Avengers, a disheveled, bearded man in a torn World War II army uniform appears who introduces himself as Steve Rogers. As the Avengers and Hydra search for fragments of the shattered Cube, it is revealed that this amnesic Steve Rogers is actually a manifestation of Rogers existing within the Cube itself, created by Kobik's memories of Rogers before he was converted to Hydra, as she comes to recognize that her decision to 'rewrite' Rogers as an agent of Hydra was wrong. Although Hydra Rogers is able to mostly reassemble the Cosmic Cube, Sam Wilson and Bucky are able to use a fragment of the cube to restore the 'memory' of pre-Hydra Rogers in the Cube to corporeal existence, allowing him to defeat his Hydra self, subsequently using the Cube to undo most of the damage caused by Hydra manipulating reality even if the physical damage remains. Steve Rogers' physical transformation, from a reprint of Captain America Comics 1 March 1941. Art and story by and. Rogers' body regularly replenishes the super-soldier serum; it does not wear off. Although he lacks superhuman strength, Captain America is one of the few mortal beings who has been deemed worthy enough to wield Thor's hammer. Tactician and field commander Rogers' battle experience and training make him an expert and an excellent field commander, with his teammates frequently deferring to his orders in battle. Rogers' reflexes and senses are extraordinarily keen. He has blended , , , , , , and gymnastics into his own unique fighting style and is a master of multiple martial arts. Years of practice with his near-indestructible shield make him able to aim and throw it with almost unerring accuracy. His skill with his shield is such that he can attack multiple targets in succession with a single throw or even cause a -like return from a throw to attack an enemy from behind. In canon, he is regarded by other skilled fighters as one of the best in the Marvel Universe, limited only by his human physique. Although the super-soldier serum is an important part of his strength, Rogers has shown himself still sufficiently capable against stronger opponents, even when the serum has been deactivated reverting him to his pre-Captain America physique. Rogers has vast knowledge and is often shown to be familiar with ongoing, classified Defense Department operations. He is an expert in combat strategy, survival, acrobatics, , military strategy, piloting, and demolitions. Despite his high profile as one of the world's most popular and recognizable superheroes, Rogers has a broad understanding of the espionage community, largely through his ongoing relationship with Super-Soldier Serum The formula enhances all of his metabolic functions and prevents the build-up of in his muscles, giving him endurance far in excess of an ordinary human being. This accounts for many of his extraordinary feats, including bench pressing 1,200 pounds 540 kg and running a mile 1. Furthermore, his enhancements are the reason why he was able to survive being frozen in suspended animation for decades. He is highly resistant to hypnosis or gases that could limit his focus. The secrets of creating a super-soldier were lost with the death of its creator,. In the ensuing decades there have been numerous attempts to recreate Erskine's treatment, only to have them end in failure. Even worse, the attempts have instead often created psychopathic supervillains of which Captain America's and are the most notorious examples. Weapons and equipment Captain America's shield Captain America has used multiple shields throughout his history, the most prevalent of which is a nigh-indestructible disc-shaped shield made from an experimental of steel and the fictional. The shield was cast by American metallurgist , who was contracted by the U. This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the discovery of. Captain America often uses his shield as an offensive throwing weapon. The legacy of the shield among other comics characters includes the time-traveling mutant superhero telling Captain America that his shield still exists in one of the possible futures; Cable carries it into battle and brandishes it as a symbol. When without his trademark shield, Captain America sometimes uses other shields made from less durable metals such as steel, or even a photonic energy shield designed to mimic a vibranium matrix. Rogers, having relinquished his regular shield to Barnes, carried a variant of the energy shield which can be used with either arm, and used to either block attacks or as an improvised offensive weapon able to cut through metal with relative ease. Much like his Vibranium shield, the energy shield can be thrown, including ricocheting off multiple surfaces and returning to his hand. Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight, bulletproof beneath his uniform for added protection. Originally, Rogers' mask was a separate piece of material, but an early engagement had it dislodged, thus almost exposing his identity. To prevent a recurrence of the situation, Rogers modified the mask with connecting material to his uniform, an added benefit of which was extending his armor to cover his previously exposed neck. As a member of the Avengers, Rogers has an Avengers priority card, which serves as a communications device. Captain America has used a custom specialized motorcycle, modified by the weapons laboratory, as well as a custom-built battle van, constructed by the Design Group with the ability to change its color for disguise purposes red, white and blue , and fitted to store and conceal the custom motorcycle in its rear section with a frame that allows Rogers to launch from the vehicle riding it. Main article: Captain America has faced numerous foes in over 70 years of published adventures. Many of his recurring foes embody ideologies contrary to the American values that Captain America is shown to strive for and believes in. Some examples of these opposing values are Nazism , , , , technocratic fascism , , Communism , anarchism and international and domestic terrorism. Retrieved July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015. The Comic Book Makers. Reissued by Vanguard Productions in 2003. Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Kirby: King of Comics. New York, New York:. The Marvel Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel. Captain America Comics 1 went on sale around the end of 1940, with a March 1941 cover date. Was Superman a Spy? New York, New York:. Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. Cap was not the first patriotically themed super hero, but he would become the most enduring. He was Timely's most popular hero with nearly a million copies of his comic sold per month. Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe. New York, New York:. Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York, New York:. Raleigh, North Carolina: 104 : 9. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. Retrieved December 28, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010. Archived from on 2016-11-05. Retrieved January 14, 2009. Archived from on October 9, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009. Archived from on February 14, 2010. Archived from on April 27, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2011. New York Daily News. Archived from on 2016-11-05. Retrieved August 6, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013. Parker February 5, 2015. Steve Rogers, known to fans worldwide as Captain America, served with the 1st Infantry Division's 26th Infantry Regiment, also known as the 'Blue Spaders,' during World War II, as shown in Mythos: Captain America, a 2008 comic written by Paul Jenkins with art by Paolo Rivera. Archived from on June 25, 2011. Quoting Marvel Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort: 'The Falcon was the very first African-American super hero, as opposed to The Black Panther, who preceded him, but wasn't American. The Falcon was the first black American super hero. Introduced by Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan, Sam 'Snap' Wilson was a former community volunteer. The Marvel Comics Index. Retrieved April 21, 2013. America was moving from the overarching Vietnam War toward the specific crimes of Watergate. Captain America and the Falcon: Secret Empire. Captain America and the Falcon: Nomad. Retrieved February 20, 2012. Archived from on January 25, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2012. The story, according to Stern, began a year previously, when Roger McKenzie and Don Perlin were the creative team on Captain America, and Stern was an editor at Marvel. McKenzie and Perlin wanted Cap to run for office and win, setting up four years' worth of stories in and around Washington, D. While it could've made for a great pop-culture civics lesson, Stern 86'd the idea. Marvel Masterworks Resource Page. Archived from on February 21, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012. I made sure that 1 Roger McK. Out in All Directions: Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America. Captain America: Scourge of the Underworld. Captain America: Fighting Chance — Denial. Captain America: Fighting Chance — Acceptance. Retrieved September 26, 2010. Transcript and streaming audio; and interviewed. Retrieved July 27, 2007. Archived from on March 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2012.